For more details on calendar pages or the Golf Book, please see the post for January 2013.
Calendar page for May with a boating scene, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of
Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 22v
The full-page miniature for May continues the theme of aristocratic courting, which may well be among the most pleasant of the 'labours' depicted in medieval calendars. In this scene, two boatmen are rowing a nobleman and two well-dressed ladies along a river; the three are playing musical instruments and are surrounded by flowering branches. On the bridge above them another aristocratic couple are riding on horseback, carrying branches and followed by their retainers. In the bas-de-page scene a group of men are practicing archery by shooting at a raised target (a popinjay?). On the following folio two couples are riding on horseback through a lush landscape, below the saints' days for May and a roundel with a nude man and woman for the zodiac sign Gemini.
Calendar page for May with a riding scene, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of
Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 23r
For more details on calendar pages or the Golf Book, please see the post for January 2013.
Calendar page for April with a courting scene, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of
Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 21v
The calendar for April opens with a typical scene for spring; an aristocratic couple are shown courting in a walled and flowering garden. The richly-dressed lady's dog is nearby, lapping water from the garden's fountain. Behind the couple, a nobleman is preparing to go hawking, another commonly-depicted pursuit for this time of year. The theme of fertility and new life is echoed at the top of the miniature, where a pair of storks can be seen building their nest on the top of a chimney. Below, six men are playing a game with a bat and ball. On the following folio is a roundel with a painting of a bull, for the zodiac sign Taurus. At the bottom of this page a sherpherd and his bagpipe-playing companion are looking over their flock of sheep, complete with new lambs and a single goat.
Calendar page for April with a bas-de-page scene of shepherds, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of
Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 22r
For more details on calendar pages or the Golf Book, please see the post for January 2013.
Calendar page for March, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 20v
The full-page miniature at the opening of the calendar pages for March (above) shows the labours associated with the beginning of the agricultural season. In the foreground, a man pauses from clearing a garden to tip his hat to two richly-dressed ladies, one of whom is carrying a small dog. Outside of the garden, men are at work trimming vines, while a horseman crosses a moat into a small town in the background. In the bas-de-page, a group of men are playing with rattles in what appears to be a far more wintry landscape than that above. On the following folio (below) are the saints' days for March, along with a roundel containing a small ram, for the zodiac sign Aries. At the bottom of the page a man is ploughing behind a team of horses, while another man on the right (partially trimmed away) is clearing the field of branches.
Calendar page for March, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 21r
For more details on calendar pages or the Golf Book, please see the post for January 2013.
Calendar page for February with a feasting scene, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 19v
The opening full-page miniature for February (above) shows a continuation of the winter 'labour' of feasting, albeit in a much more lavish setting than is typical of such calendar scenes. In this miniature, a lord and lady are being served at table in a richly-appointed room; they are surrounded by attendants and are being entertained by a troop of musicians who are accompanied by a rather mischievous-looking jester. In the bas-de-page, a group of men in grisaille are playing at hoop rolling. On the following folio (below) can be found the saints' days for February and the zodiac sign of Pisces, while the hoop games continue. The games on this folio seem slightly more complicated and acrobatic than the previous (although we are not certain that 'acrobatic' is the best adjective for what the two gentlemen on the right appear to be doing; as always, any suggestions or comments are most welcome!).
Calendar page for February with a bas-de-page scene of men playing at hoop-rolling, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of
Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 20r
In an ongoing series on this blog, we have taken a closer look at images from medieval calendars, including the Isabella Breviary (please see post this for more details on calendars in medieval manuscripts) and the Hours of Joanna of Castile (Joanna the Mad). This year, the featured calendar comes from the 'Golf Book', a mid-sixteenth-century Book of Hours (Additional MS 24098; soon to be featured on Digitised Manuscripts). In addition to the usual 'labours of the month', the calendar also includes many images of games and sports, and the name 'Golf Book' in fact comes from an early depiction of a game of golf in one of the many bas-de-page miniatures. Something to look forward to in the months ahead!
Miniature of Boniface of Lausanne, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome), workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 1r
The Golf Book is not, in its present state, a complete manuscript. While it was originally produced as a full Book of Hours – a devotional book containing prayers to be recited at set times – most of the text is now missing. Only thirty leaves remain from what once would have been hundreds, taken from the most elaborately illuminated parts of the manuscript: the first pages of each of one of the cycles of hours (the Hours of the Virgin), and the calendar. The full-page miniatures were produced by an important miniature-painter working in sixteenth-century Bruges, Simon Bening (d. 1561), with the assistance of his workshop, and the Golf Book is considered one of his masterpieces. Nothing is known about the patron of this enigmatic manuscript; illuminators in Bruges worked for buyers all over Europe. But it is possible that original owner was Swiss. One of the surviving pages is a miniature of Boniface of Lausanne, a 13th-century bishop (see above). He was not canonized until after the medieval period, and his cult in the sixteenth century was primarily a regional one.
Calendar page for January, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome),
workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 18v
The calendar pages in the Golf Book are spread across two pages, with the first page for each month somewhat unusually reserved for a full-page miniature. In the foreground of the opening January scene (above) is a man splitting wood for a fire, assisted by a woman close by. Behind them a man and his wife, who is nursing an infant, can be seen in their home, warming themselves by the fire. In the snowy background is a church, with bundled-up parishioners exiting. The bas-de-page scene shows a group of men pulling (with great effort it seems) another man on a sledge.
Calendar page for January, from the Golf Book (Book of Hours, Use of Rome),
workshop of Simon Bening, Netherlands (Bruges), c. 1540, Additional MS 24098, f. 19r
This same scene is mirrored on the following folio, which also contains a short listing of saints days for January and a small roundel of a man pouring water from two jugs, for the zodiac sign for Aquarius.
For more details on calendar pages or the Hours of Joanna of Castile, please see the entry for January 2012.
Calendar pages for December, from the Hours of Joanna of Castile, Netherlands (Bruges), between 1496 and 1506, Additional 18882, ff. 12v-13
These December calendar pages feature another relatively tame version of Capricorn - a lone, rather wistful-looking goat rather than the more common half-goat, half-fish (see last year's December page for another example). Below Capricorn, on the first calendar page, livestock are being slaughtered. Two men on the left are about to deliver the coup de grâce to a standing steer, while on the right two other men are cutting a pig's throat (and collecting its blood in a nearby pan). Behind can be seen a stretched and butchered carcass. On the right two butchers are at work in a shed; outside is a market square with a long row of tables for the meat to be sold to waiting customers (including another nun - perhaps the same one that can be seen in the November scene?).
For more details on calendar pages of the Hours of Joanna of Castile, please see the entry for January 2012.
Calendar pages for November, from the Hours of Joanna of Castile, Netherlands (Bruges), between 1496 and 1506, Additional 18852, ff. 11v-12
A common scene for November calendars is the fattening of pigs for the winter. The page on the left shows a typical example, with a peasant knocking acorns down from trees to feed a group of hungry animals, while a man on the right seems to be trying to coax a less-eager pig to eat. On the right is a market square, bordered by tall buildings (including perhaps a church) and watched over by a centaur-archer, the traditional depiction for Sagittarius. In the square a group of men (and a single nun, strangely enough) are engaged in the sale of cattle and pigs.
For more details on calendar pages of the Hours of Joanna of Castile, please see the entry for January 2012.
Calendar pages for October, from the Hours of Joanna of Castile, Netherlands (Bruges), between 1496 and 1506, Additional 18852, ff. 10v-11
The year's final cycle of plowing and sowing is underway in these two connected scenes from the October calendar pages. On the left, two men work with a horse and an oxen team to plow a field, beneath a threatening sky. On the right, a group of people are at work scattering seeds into the field, while a woman holds a beautiful metal jug (filled, one hopes, with the fruits of last year's wine-making). In the roundel above can be seen a set of scales, a symbol for the zodiac sign Libra; this symbol was probably painted in error, as it is usually shown in September.
For more details on calendar pages of the Hours of Joanna of Castile, please see the entry for January 2012.
Calendar pages for September, from the Hours of Joanna of Castile, Netherlands (Bruges), between 1496 and 1506, Additional 18852, ff. 9v-10
September is (and was) traditionally the month to begin the grape harvest, and the vitally important task of wine-making. The calendar pages for this month give us two such scenes, beginning on the left, where a group of men and a single woman are harvesting grapes and carrying them in wicker baskets, overlooked by a turreted castle on the hilltop. On the right hand page, two men with wicker baskets are carrying their grapes into a barn, where one man is pouring wine into casks and another is crushing grapes in a barrel (and making a bit of a mess, it appears). Above this scene is a strange-looking scorpion, for the zodiac sign Scorpio; this is most likely an error, since September is most traditionally associated with the sign Virgo (see last year's page, for example).